Cafe de Coral Free Essays

Stock Options and Multinational Corporations Essay

Investment opportunities and Multinational Corporations - Essay Example Being a maker of pharmaceutical items, the market is worldwide and buyer extend is expansive; and this won't represent any issue as far as the area of the endeavor. China is presently the main financial zone in Asia, and extending to this piece of the globe will be advantageous for the organization. China is a decent wellspring of less expensive work, therefore coming about to less creation costs. It is additionally a decent area for coordinations since purchasers in the Asia-Pacific district can be arrived at a lot quicker and simpler. The investigation led by Tong and Reuer (2007) demonstrated that wandering in an outside nation has a practically immediate relationship with drawback dangers, both regarding return on resources and profit for value. This is on the grounds that social likenesses must be considered so as to limit the negative impacts. The way that China’s language is the primary obstruction, plans must be spread out so as to conquer this shortcoming. By adjusting the procedure done by Tong (2007), the utilization of a Heckman two-phase model will be a decent method to for genuine choices examination. Factors, for example, social separation, exchange limitations and GDP ought to be assessed to decide whether the outcomes are good. China’s language hindrance can be tackled, by getting colleagues who can impart both in English and Chinese. Thusly, the organization will have the option to infiltrate billions of customers, and give considerably more open doors in the

The Basics of School Essay Topics

The Basics of School Essay TopicsIt's important to remember that school essay topics are very different from college essay topics. College essays can address a number of different issues.When you get ready to write your essay, first think about what you are writing about. You should be able to mentally describe the topic and then go over the problems that might arise. Because you need to write a great essay, you should really put a lot of effort into coming up with a great topic.The first thing you need to do when you are writing an essay is to read a lot of material on the topic. If you do not know much about the topic, you will probably wind up going over a lot of the same material over again. Reading information on the topic will give you a better understanding of the topic.When you have read plenty of literature about the topic, it is time to come up with an entire body of information. When writing your essay, you will be able to apply that information throughout the entire body of the essay. After you have come up with a body of information, it is time to begin working on your topic.Some people like to write an essay on each subject that they are familiar with. While this might seem like a good idea, it could get very complicated and overwhelming. When you write your essay on each topic, you will find that you have less trouble with the topic because you have already practiced the information. You will also avoid writing out much of the information on each topic.Another way to avoid writing out more information on the topic is to choose a different subject matter. Many college students like to do research when they are learning a subject. Some topics in high school include but are not limited to history, religion, geography, and math.Some college students like to use essay topics to do research for a final project. Some topics that are easier to research are politics, war, and other types of social studies. To research an essay topic, you will find that ma ny books and articles on the topic exist. These will give you the information that you need to write the essay correctly.The bottom line is that school essay topics should be chosen carefully. When you are writing an essay, you should think about the type of information that you need to include and what topics might be appropriate for that topic. This will help you create a well-rounded essay.

Milestone Of Women s Rights Movement - 1736 Words

Xie He Milestone of women’s rights movement The Seneca Falls Convention, which was held on July 19-20, 1848 in the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York, was referred to as the first women’s right convention. It was the milestone in the entire movement of women’ rights, which has positive lofty significance for all the women in the world, because through this convention an organized women’s right movement was initiated in the United States. Many historians associated the Seneca Convention as part of Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s biography, owing to the fact that she was the event’s main organizer. In fact, it was only recently when the Seneca Convention was recognized by historians as a significant event in history (Lerner, 3). Consequently, it was through this recognition that the convention was acknowledged as a result of women’s increased awareness of their rights during that period. This historical event paved the way for women to express their sentiments against disfranchisement, which means the deprivation of the civil rights including vote, education, working and owning private property. In the Declaration of Sentiments, they asserted â€Å"that women should have equality in every area of life: politics, the family, education, jobs, religion, and morals† (Wellman, 1). The originate of Seneca Falls Convention has many links to the abolishment and legal reform, which leads to the anti-slavery movement and legislation progress in the 1830sShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cruelty And Animal Justice Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesMany people who continue to eat meat and harm animals or do not concern themselves with animal rights often have no idea what happens at slaughterhouses and the effects that harming animals can have on individuals both personally and environmentally. A variety of documentaries, reports, and information regarding these issues are quite accessible through many organizations and groups. Some include: - PETA - Mercy for Animals - AWFC (Animal Welfare Foundation of Canada) - Animal Justice - World AnimalRead MoreThe Fight For Animal Rights1660 Words   |  7 PagesRise of the Movement why did it come about? why did it appeal to people? The fight for animal rights is one that has been going on for centuries. â€Å"The new emphasis upon animals feelings of sensation in the eighteenth century brought growing criticism of some forms of cruelty. Doubts about the ethics of castrating domestic animals were raised as early as 1714. (Guither, 1998, p.1) According to Guither (1998), London was the first to encourage the prevention of animal cruelty in 1824 where itRead MoreThe Gay Rights Movement Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gay Rights Movement The history of the gay rights movement goes as far back as the late 19th century. More accurately, the quest by gays to search out others like themselves and foster a feeling of identity has been around since then. It is an innovative movement that seeks to change existing norms and gain acceptance within our culture. By 1915, one gay person said that the gay world was a community, distinctly organized (Milestones 1991), but kept mostly out of view because of socialRead MoreWomen s Suffrage During World War II Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pages19th amendment was a milestone for which many had struggled, it had taken years of agitation and protest to finally achieve this milestone. Female supporters of women suffrage organized, petitioned, and picketed to win the right to vote, but it took them decades to accomplish their purpose. By 1920, the American electorate had changed forever, but many argued that giving the right to vote to women wasn’t going to be enough. Women wante d independence, equality, they wanted the right to buy a house, practiseRead MoreKansas Is Well Known For Its Effective Participation In1370 Words   |  6 Pagesparticipation in the Women s Suffrage Movement. Early in the battle, the National American Woman Suffrage Association accepted Kansas as a liberal state that had a forward thinking mentality. In consideration of the state, the Association adopted the Kansas State flower, which is the sunflower as their image. The sunflower became a familiar sight and easily recognized symbol during suffrage campaigns. During the Women s Suffrage Movement, Effie Graham was one of the many remarkable women that participatedRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1020 Words   |  5 Pagesrun the world? Girls,† is an iconic lyric from Beyonce s â€Å"Run the World,† and may give the impression that women have been dominating the world, just like men. What a listener will not hear in â€Å"Run the World† is how long it took an d how much effort it took just to give women the slight feeling of equality that they have today. The rights women have now would not be in place without the feminist movement, starting in the 1960s. In the 60s, women began to take action, believing that the phrase, â€Å"allRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Suffrage Movement1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight For Women’s Suffrage The Women’s Suffrage Movement of the 1920’s worked to grant women the right to vote nationally, thereby allowing women more political equality. Due to many industrial and social changes during the early 19th century, many women were involved in social advocacy efforts, which eventually led them to advocate for their own right to vote and take part in government agencies. Women have been an integral part of society, working to help those in need, which then fueled aRead MoreTimeline of Gendered Movements Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesTimeline of Gendered Movements [pic] Timeline of Gendered Movements Beginning in the mid-19th century, woman suffrage supporters worked to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change in the Constitution. Women’s rights pioneers used tactics such as parades, silent vigils, hunger strikes, and picketing to get there points across and Congress to pass a women suffrage amendment. (Reforming Their World, 2007) The 19th amendment of 1920 is a very important amendment toRead MoreThe Impact On The Women s Suffrage Movement1339 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Suffrage Movement Of all the issues that were in the middle of reformation mid 1800’s, antislavery, education, intemperance, prison reform, and world peace, women’s rights was the most radical idea proposed. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a rally held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton with the common goal to eventually achieve equal rights among all citizens. Frederick Douglass, who became an acclaimed activist in the African American Equal Rights movement, accompanied the movement. Moreover,Read MoreThe World War II : A Evolutionary Change Within Societal Structure1462 Words   |  6 Pagesas women’s influence grew and they entered the workforce. Efforts on the homefront brought more job opportunities for women, but the role that they developed was challenged as soon as the men returned. American society expected everything to return to normal when the war finished, and men to return to the factories and women to return to housework. Contrary to popular belief, women took this opportunity to fight against social norms and gain the equality that they deserve. While fighting for what

Internet Ethics Essay - 1513 Words

Internet Ethics Abstract: This paper takes a look at basic ethics in relation to the Internet. By tracing the development of the Internet, it identifies perils of the World Wide Web and their moral significance to a culture trying to move successfully into the twenty-first century. As scientists travel into the future, they are lead by ambition, imagination, and genius. In their quest to find uses for their rapidly expanding knowledge they often leave behind their morals. Failing to carefully consider the possible paths their research will follow, scientist often find that they have gone too far with out realizing it. Their creations exceed their expectations. When faced with this situation it is up to the scientist†¦show more content†¦This theory is entitled the Slippery Slope. It is used to explain the downfall of certain fields of science and help their inventors know when to draw the line between good and bad science. An example illustrating this concept involves the Human Genome Project. When scientists discovered that they were able to read genetic codes recognizing an individuals traits and determining their disorders they were amazed. Their work and focus on the project led to their ability to alter these codes thus changing ones traits and di sorders. The ethical question is whether this gene therapy should be allowed. At the top of the slope is the possibility of eliminating diseases such as cystic fibrosis while at the bottom of the slope lies the possibility of altering future humans. When examining who should have access to the results, parents planning a family sit at the top of the slope while insurance companies who would cancel the policies of sick patients rest at the bottom. Each aspect of the issue has its ups and downs, benefits and repercussions which are more easily understood on the Slippery Slope. Knowing where to draw the line between good and bad technology is sometimes the most difficult decision a scientist must make. As the world plunges into the twenty first century, new issues and technology face it daily. It is currently in the midst of the information age, a time when computersShow MoreRelatedInternet Privacy Ethics1395 Words   |  6 Pages VII. Bibliography 6 Internet Privacy Ethics Introduction The citizens of the United States have always been keen on privacy. A new emerging issue is on Internet Privacy issues. Privacy issues can lead to devastating consequences such as identity theft and bad credit ratings. Many users of the internet do not know the level of security or privacy of a website they access. There are many uncertainties when using the internet. How can we trust that our personal informationRead More Ethics on the Internet Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesEthics on the Internet In todays society, there are many ethical issues on the Internet. Some of the biggest issues and concerns seem to be hacking and viruses, copyright infringements, spam, privacy, and cyberporn. Internet ethical issues affect a wide variety of individuals and almost all people today are affected in some kind of a way. Until recently, most computer users had not been very concerned with questions of ethics and may not have been aware of something being seen as an ethicalRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 Pages Ethics in Computing and the Internet Jorge Zacarias Written Assignment Unit 7 University of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversialRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 Pages Ethics in Computing and the Internet Jorge Zacarias Written Assignment Unit 7 University of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversialRead MoreEthics And The Internet Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesEthics and the Internet â€Å"Access to and use of the Internet is a privilege and should be treated as such by all users of this system (Internet Activities Board 1989).† If people would understand this statement and accept the truth of this statement, then the world would be a better place for everyone on the internet. There are an estimated 2.1 billion people that use the internet worldwide (Miniwatts Marketing Group 2011). The majority of people that use the internet are polite, civilized, and decentRead More The Ethics in Securing the Internet Essay4456 Words   |  18 PagesThe Ethics in Securing the Internet Introduction In order to understand the concept of internet security and why it is necessary it would be worthy of analysis to discuss what would happen if not enough of it is provided, meaning that the levels of security are not utilized to the full extents. This is exactly where the big issue of hacking and hackers becomes involved. Hackers can benefit from a wide range of weaknesses in security, break into systems, find the information they need,Read More The Ethics of Internet Filtering in China Essay3623 Words   |  15 PagesThe Ethics of Internet Filtering in China The internet boom that began in the mid-1990s was popular because of the enormous possibility of endless free flowing information. It was built upon the engineering principle of â€Å"end-to-end neutrality, an engineering rule of thumb calling for smarts at edge of the network rather than in the middle†1 said Jonathan Zittrain, an associate professor at Harvard. However, web filtering by governments such as China has put an end to the idea of completeRead MoreEssay on The Legality and Ethics of Internet Advertising1777 Words   |  8 PagesThe Legality and Ethics of Internet Advertising ABSTRACT: Recently, DoubleClick.com, one of the world’s premier Internet advertising firms was at the center of a Federal Trade Commission investigation on privacy. Consumer privacy advocates have charged the company with infringing on the privacy of websurfers because of the aggressive means it uses to gather data for profit. This paper discusses the legal and moral issues surrounding these tactics. Were the company’s aggressive tacticsRead MorePeter Singer the Ethics of Internet Piracy966 Words   |  4 Pagessuggests based on the article that it may be morally right to pirate under certain circumstances. Evidence: One such circumstance is that people can no longer purchase out certain print works, as presented within the article One marvel of the Internet is that some of my older works, long out of print, are now far more widely available than they ever were before – in pirated versions. This shows that it could be beneficial to have works online for others to use when they are no longer availableRead MoreEssay on Internet - Ethics of Online Medical Records1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethics of Online Medical Records      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper describes the ethical implications of developing a national online medical database.   Such a database would contain the lifetime health records of every U.S. resident by combining information from a variety of sources.   The advantages of such a system are many, but in the end, the question remains whether patients want to trade privacy for better healthcare.    A lonely ninety-year-old Chinese woman walks into a clinic

LeaderMember Exchange in Contemporary Nursing

Question: Discuss about the LeaderMember Exchange in Contemporary Nursing. Answer: Introduction According to the report by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EASHW), every organization should focus on its managerial significance and role in the improvement of the psychosocial working environment for its employees (Cogliser, 2015). In their study, Gupta (2015) points out that leadership and the successful performance of an organization are dependent on the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX). Various researches also denotes that LMX is essential in determining the quality of the dynamic working relationship between the leaders of the organization and the employees based on the interrelated dimensions such as respect, trust, and mutual obligation (Torres, 2014). For instance, Hunt (2014) points out that when the leader provides the necessary resources in a beneficial and fair manner, the employees will have a positive view of the relationship. It will be reciprocated through increased effort and commitment to work hence resulting in high performance and good r elationship. The theory has it that the relationship between the leaders and the subordinates ranges from those based on those characterized by reciprocal influence, trust, and respect to those based on the formal employment contract (Kacmar et al., 2013). The Scope of the Paper The quality of LMX in the organization is associated with positive work attitudes, well-being, performance, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Hanse et al. (2014), also point out that adverse psychological factors of workforce increase the risks to ill-health such us burnout, sickness absence, stress-related disorders, and labor turnover among healthcare workers. The healthcare workers are often experiencing high workplace stress levels leading to a higher risk of mental health complications than other occupational groups Gupta (2015). This paper hence aims at examining the associated relationship between the LMX and nursing professionalism.The paper evaluates the LMX theory, related inter-communication, and the strategic recommendations that can be adopted by healthcare leaders in the nursing industry to improve the quality of LMX in the industry. The main information presented in this paper will be conducted through secondary research with sophisticated sources from d atabases such as EBSCO and Google Scholars available in the web. Leader-Member Exchange Theory Leader-Member Exchange LMX theory mainly describes how the management and leadership in groups maintain their relationship and position in a series of intra-communication strategies and exchange of agreements with the members as pointed out by Hanse et al. (2014). Having emerged in the 1970s, the theory mainly focuses on the development of relationships between leaders and members of their team. In their study, Kacmar et al. (2013) denote that leaders and managers of groups and organizations often develop special relationships with the inner circle of trusted advisors, assistants, and lieutenants to whom they give a high level of decision influence, access to resources, and responsibilities. The group is referred to as the in-group and often works harder, more committed to task goals and objectives, and share most of the administrative duties. In his review, Rubin (2011) points out that this particular group is expected to be loyal to the leadership and fully committed to the assigne d responsibilities while sharing more of the administrative tasks. However, the out-group consists of members who are often given a low level of influence and choice. The resulting effect is a constrained environment for the leaders who are expected to nurture the relationship with the in-group. Leaders have the responsibility of balancing the power while maintaining their position so as to ensure the inner cycle do not strike demands on their own without his concern. After joining any group or organization, Stratton (2011) points out that every individual or employee must find themselves in these kinds of relationships that often start in three stages. The stages include the role taking, role making, and routinization as denoted by Kunze (2016). Role taking- At this stage, an individual joins a team while the leader is assessing their talents and abilities based on the duties within the organization, from which the leader will offer them the opportunities for the demonstration of their capabilities. At this stage also, Gupta (2015) points out that both parties are at the point of learning or discovering the behavior of the other party regarding respect, performance, duty, etc. Role taking- it is the second phase where the member and the leader take part in an informal and unstructured negotiation. The responsibilities and roles are given to the member while the often-tacit promises of benefits and power in return for loyalty, trust, and dedication takes place. Gupta (2015) points out that building trust between the parties is very essential at this point and any form of betrayal mainly by the managers or leaders results in the member relegating him or herself to the out-group. The same study also denotes that the negotiation process at this stage includes relationship factors and pure working strategies with a promise that hard work and positivity in various ways to give the member a successful frontier. According to Kumbra (2010), it is perhaps the reason as to why same-gender relationships are often more successful than mixed-gender ones as it also affects the first stage respect development, an aspect that is experienced in both racial and cultural diff erences. Routinization- It is the phase of establishment of a continuous social exchange between the leader and the member. Successful members are often similar to the leader in many ways, perhaps an explanation of why most of the senior teams are often male, white, middle-aged, and middle-class according to Hunt (2014). In ensuring that the relationship is maintained, these inner cycle members are often patient, sensitive, empathetic, reasonable and good at evaluating the viewpoint of other members and specifically the leader. On the other hand, the out-group often suffers from sarcasm, aggression, and egocentric behavior as pointed out by Cogliser (2015). Importance of leader-member exchange intra-communication Leaders with high LMX in their style of operation have been found to experience multiple personal and organizational benefits. For instance, Gupta (2015) identifies increased followers self-efficiency and more voluntary initiatives from the employees in relation to the in-groups as compared to the out-groups. The leaders hence train their juniors within the in-group towards exercising their leadership skills to make the work more effective while taking higher risks in the attempt of accomplishing a mission according to Sparrowe and Liden (2014). The leaders are thus able to extend leadership capabilities to the juniors and build networks that can influence others towards high-quality performance that at the end can even get the leaders promoted. In the nursing environment, high LMX within the organization will promote the performance of the nurses who will, in turn, show higher job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions resulting in a positive employee citizenship behavior and be tter patient care. According to Hunt (2014), the focus on the relationships between followers and leaders is as well beneficial for other specific supervisory responsibilities mainly those in the middle management. It is this kind of relationship that determines the influence towards job satisfaction and increased organizational benefits. As a result, Hanse et al. (2014) point out that every employee in the nursing industry with high-quality LMX relationships often experiences a great access to organizational resources from leaders. They are often in-group who are assured of more work-based benefits that the out-group with poor quality relationships. LMX hence gives the group a more rapid career progression experience as well as a higher perception of the organizational influence of the employee. In his review, Gupta (2015) asserts that more responsible and complex nursing roles are often assigned to nurses with higher levels of respect, obligation, and trust based on the supervisor- employee relations hip. The resulting impact of high-quality relationship LMX hence means a positive work experience thus performance and effective nursing care outcomes. The nature of communication within the workforce- Rubin (2011) points out that there is often an element of satisfaction when there is proper communication between the management and the staff on various aspects and responsibilities of the organization. The satisfaction in communication can boost the level of LMX in the nursing industry. For instance, personal or interpersonal communication between co-workers and leaders often provides the sense of organizational citizenship to the nurses that they are part of the organization whose contribution to its success is respected and valued. In their review, Hanse et al. (2014) point out that the higher the decisional power of a leader within the hierarchy of the organization, the higher the staff gets motivated and satisfied. As a result, the influence can be felt both in strategic (decision-making related aspects) and work-related in relation to task assignments and performance review (Cogliser, 2015). The same study adds that more transp arency between the workforce and the leaders of an organization leads to confidence and motivation for the members in regard to their focus o career goals and exceeding patient expectations in the case of nursing care. Leader-member exchange exploration and discussion in nursing According to Gupta (2012), leader-member exchange mainly focuses on the interaction between the leadership of the organization. Gupta contends that every leadership outcome is dependent on the nature and existence of interaction expressed by the leaders as they often have discretion, limited time, and positional power. In the nursing environment, such leaders will often attempt to maximize their leadership outcomes by allocating duties to trusted nurses within the in-group. Morgeson (2015) denotes that unlike other theories that were either subordinate centric or leader-centric, LMX examines the dynamic relationship between the two approaches as the major contributors of effective leadership in a workplace. Unlike other leadership theories that that views subordinate as a team or a group, LMX often considers every individual in a team as a contributor to the success or failure of the organization. In the nursing industry, the theory recognizes two major types of relationships based on the nature of the interaction between the leaders and the subordinate staff as pointed out by Jordan and Troth (2011). Within the nursing industry, the in-group nurses often go beyond their expected responsibilities and possess a constructive approach to tasks. According to Hanse et al. (2014), they are often viewed as the staff that proactive in seeking to ensure success in the leadership roles. They are hence forming the high-quality LMX in-group with positive outcomes in their patient care roles for better healthcare provision since they negotiate and initiate their role expansion beyond the job description. Their relationship with the leaders is often of mutual trust, and respects hence receive a reciprocal attention, concern, and information from the leaders (Zivnuska Gully, 2013). The nurses within the in-group also receive positive performance evaluation, support to desired work, and highe r promotion frequency. On the other hand, the out-group within the nursing workforce often only try to work to fulfill their contract obligations but do not receive any additional benefits or attentions since their interaction with the leaders is task-oriented and formal Hanse et al. (2014). It is a group with low LMX degree since the reciprocity with the communication strategies from the leader is often little. In such cases, the nurses involved are often concerned with self-fulfillment rather than meeting the objectives of the healthcare organization (Cogliser, 2015). As a result, the interaction between the nurses and the leaders is often formal. Practical strategy recommendations for improving the quality of LMX in nursing workplaces In his study, Stratton (2011) denotes that the overall nature and quality of the LMX relationships in a workplace vary depending on many factors. These include the size of the group, the challenge of the job whether extremely high or extremely low, overall workload, and the availability of financial resources. The same study denotes that the principle works onwards and upwards as well since the leader is also becoming a member of the inner cycle of their managers which is then shared downwards with the members (Laschinger, 2011). It hence gives a clear explanation as to why individuals at the low levels of organizations and have unusual powers tend to get it from the unbroken chain of the hierarchical circle. From the analysis of the theory, Torres (2014) denotes that it is advisable that every nurse should work hard to be part of the inner circle of a team and learn to take on more than his share of administrative and other tasks. Such a case requires nursing professionals to be reasonable, supportive towards solving organizational health and patient care challenges and demonstrating unswerving loyalty. On the other hand, Rubin (2011) also points out that leaders need to pick their inner circle with responsiveness and care and to reward them for their hard work and loyalty. They should also be very careful to ensure that they maintain a positive commitment to their patient care delivery for the betterment of the health care industry and professionalism as pointed out by Gupta (2015). Observations of information behaviors in leadership clearly show that the action and relationship of leaders are not the same towards the subordinate in a nursing workplace. The essentiality of this potential difference is clearly proven by the LMX theory showing that leadership consists of various dynamic relationships linking the followers and the leaders. In every healthcare organization, it is often easy to identify the out-group and in-group existence. In their study, Kacmar et al. (2013) denote that it polarizes the organizational performance and de-motivates its general success. However, it is an internal factor that always affects every health care organization. As a result, a good healthcare professional is required to continuously make efforts of expanding his in-group while adopting strategies that can lead to the reduction of the out-group. The following strategies can hence be adopted in ensuring the improvement of the quality of LMX within the nursing profession. Identifying the out-group- The leader of the health care center should identify the out-group of nurses; analyze their past and present performance. Such a strategy will be helpful in identifying the relevant key characteristics that can be adopted in exploring their interests to increase their unity and positive relationship with the leadership hence leading to better health care to patients (Wing, Xu, Snape, 2017). Exploration of the staff motivation- the leader, should adopt strategies that can initiate planned dialogs with the nurses. In doing this, Stanton and Casimir (2014) denote that the leader will have a better understanding of the subordinates career goals, personal aspirations, and task-related preferences. The motive of such an exercise will help the leader to test the willingness of the nurses in taking their patient care responsibilities and their ability to test and develop their confidence in the leadership of the workplace (Scholarios, 2014). The leader can thus obtain more feedback from the nurses who are the subordinate, an aspect that will also reduce his self-interest oriented strategies and approaches of dealing with the staff. Reducing de-motivation- In his study, Torres (2014) points out that it is essential to identify and understand what factors proves de-motivational just the same way it is to identify motivational factors for a workforce. According to the study, de-motivational factors among employees that can lead to low LMX include; Perceived contractual breach- occurs when an employee joins an organization when expecting to receive some reciprocal promises and expectations for his services that he then finds not available in the written contract (Winkel, 2016). In such a case, the employee will feel the organization has not lived to their expectations resulting into low LMX. Low willingness and ability- according to Hanse et al. (2014), a situational model of leadership recommends that low ability and willingness of a workforce towards the achievement of the goals and objectives of a company often force leaders to adopt a directive style. The resulting effect is commands and pressure on the employees to achieve deadlines hence resulting to low LMX. Cognitive similarities- when both the nurses and the leaders have similar behavior when it comes to finding solutions to different challenges, the situation is described as cognitive similarity (Clays, 2014). The cognitive similarity is hence resulting into a low LMX between the leadership of the organization and the nurses hence leading to poor patient care service provision Stratton (2011). Task characteristics- when tasks and responsibilities of the organization are unclear or unstructured, the LMX is often high as the work methods are new or not known to the workforce. Rubin (2011) denotes that challenging tasks often elevate the interest of the staff on going beyond their roles. The attention of the leaders is often high due to the risky nature of the task and the high demand of the subordinate in finding solutions to the challenging task (Kacmar et al., 2013). However, caution needs to taken especially for the nursing industry since unclear tasks make it hard for efficiency evaluation as well as the outcome of the nurses hence creating an opportunity for pseudo role expansion without a significant contribution to the patients of the organization. The resulting effect is a constrained environment for the leaders who are expected to nurture the relationship with the in-group (Wayne, Shore, Liden, 2011). Leaders have the responsibility of balancing the power while maintaining their position so as to ensure the inner cycle do not strike demands on their own without his concern (Gemmel, 2014). One way in which the LMX model implies for managers and leaders in an organization is that the type of relationship they have with the employees is very essential in influencing their interaction and performance (Wang et al., 2015). In his strategic analysis, Judge and Piccolo (2014) point out that relationships in the workplace naturally develops due to the personal interaction and the work-related relationships between the leaders and the workers. Since they naturally take place, some leaders are often not aware of the power which lies in them to develop the positive relationships. Janssen Van Yperen (2012) also denote that these relations hips have essential influence over the attitude and behavior of the employees. In work cases, they can potentially create negative work environment characterized by unfairness and favoritism. Such managers are often advised to take responsibilities of building these relationships by putting forth the effort to consciously cultivate these relationships. The leaders should also be open to form good and healthy relationships to employees from all backgrounds despite their permanent characteristic such as race age, disability status, and sex among other factors (Ilies, NahrgangMorgeson, 2017). The leaders should hence understand that they have the sole responsibility of preventing these relationships from the possibility of leading to unfair work environment as such can affect not only the nurses but even their attitude towards helping patients. The resulting effect can thus be poor healthcare performance and bad name for the healthcare providers (Ilies, Nahrgang, Morgeson, 2017). Conclusion The quality of the relationship between leaders and nursing practitioners in a workplace is reflected by respect, obligations, loyalty, support, and degree of mutual trust between them. However, it is very clear that most leaders offer their support to the inner cycle, an aspect they may even make him inflate their ratings even on poor performance. The out-group is often denied this kind of treatment as the leader have a belief that the in-group perform better and have a positive attitude towards the leader and the duties as well. The job satisfaction and effective performance are high in the in-group as they often receive more support towards mentorship, bonuses and salary increment, and promotions among other benefits that are not enjoyed by the out-group. From the literature analyses, it is evident that LMX is very practical and positively contributes to better communication between the leaders and the subordinate. For instance, it is easy to recognize or identify the out-group and in-group within the organization hence giving a clear reason as to why there is normally unequal contribution on individual performance. LMX provides a strong base of communication due to the importance of the various aspects of exchange and communication between the leaders and the staff. However, as conflict ethics and law governs the health industry to be fair while prohibiting discrimination, identifying in-group and out-group is a form of segregation. Additionally, there are no diagnostic methods that have been proven to the intention of the segregation on whether to promote the citizenship of the organization or its use for other purposes like a demotion of the out-group. The leaders should hence understand that they have the sole responsibility of pr eventing these relationships from the possibility of leading to unfair work environment as such can affect not only the nurses but even their attitude towards helping patients. References Cambra, R. (2010). Apprehension about speaking in the organizational setting. Psychological Reports, 45, 58. Clays, E. (2014). The impact of organizational support and leader-member exchange on the work-related behaviour of nursing professionals: the moderating effect of professional and organizational identification.Journal Of Advanced Nursing,70(2), 373-382. doi:10.1111/jan.12201 Cogliser, C. (2015). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurement, and Data-Analytic Practices.Leadership Quarterly. (1):63113. Gemmel, P. (2014). The importance of social exchange to nurses and nurse assistants: impact on retention factors.Journal Of Nursing Management,22(5), 563-571. doi:10.1111/jonm.12039 Guneri, B. (2008). Leadermember exchange, organizational identification and the mediating role of job involvement for nurses.Journal Of Advanced Nursing,64(4), 354-362. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04809.x Gupta, A. (2015). Leader Member Exchange, Journal of practical management, 5(4):44860. https://practical-management.com/Leadership-Development/Leader-Member-Exchange.html

The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development Essay Example

The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development Paper Children are being exposed to technology at a younger age every generation. The average age that a child received a cell phone in 2006 was thirteen (Carter). In 2009 that age dropped down to eight, according to Tribune Business Journal. The use of technology by children negatively affects interpersonal communication skills because it limits social interactions and development and this is important because it affects future jobs, relationships and health. Cognitive development is the construction of thought process, including remembering, problem solving and decision making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. † (Lloyd 15) If, during â€Å"critical periods of development† (Cole 13), the child misses an important developmental skill, the ball is set rolling, and the child will be behind his or her peers. One critical period is around when a child is about eight years old. Here, they begin to learn how to communicate their needs effectively and polish their thought process. These specific thought process skills include assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation. According to Piaget, assimilation is the process by which various experiences are mentally taken in and incorporated into existing schemas. Accommodation is taking what is experienced and applying it to new and old information and adaptation is taking the information processed and changing their behavior based on the experience. This is the very core of the human thought process. If this stage of mental development is missed, the foundation for future developmental skills is fragile. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How a child at eight years old might miss this stage is by replacing face to face conversations with adults, with texting or fragmented phone call conversations with peers. The evidence of the effects of technology on children’s social skills is most notable in school, where they do the most socializing. However, when observing students in school today, versus ten years ago, there are drastic differences. At first glance in an average high school, the hallways are buzzing with the sounds of chatter and laughter, but when you look closely many of the students are at their lockers texting. Most schools prohibit the use of cell phones in class; hence the time that the students spend together in the halls is also spent attached to their phones texting each other instead of socializing face to face. On the bus rides to and from school, most students choose to listen to their MP3 players and play handheld gaming systems instead of attempting to make conversations. By making conversations, not only do they expand their network of friends, but their vocabulary and socializing skills. After school, students ride the silent bus home, to go straight to their rooms and computers. Here they isolate themselves from friends in their neighborhood, playing in online virtual worlds they create. These online â€Å"selves† can project identities that are not their own, morphing them into what they want to be seen as, instead of who they really are. This creates a self image conflict and children continue to isolate themselves to preserve their virtual â€Å"image† or become the person they are pretending to be. Even social networks is a virtual community where children are opting to socialize instead of going over to a friend’s house. Less face to face conversation also inhibits emotional exchange. Texting and typing responses on a computer, hardly make up for the social interactions children once had ten years ago. Academically, technology has adverse affects on students who overuse it. Within class, students who are less socially developed are less likely to partake in group activities. Over time, this forces teachers to change their teaching styles to accommodate those students. Group projects in school is more than just being able to assign larger more in depth projects. This is where students learn how to problem solve, give and receive constructive criticism, work together, and learn leadership skills. However, these group projects are more painful than helpful because students lack the foundation of interpersonal communication skills. Teachers resort to teaching verbally and rely on the students capabilities in auditory processing. School is becoming boring to students to overuse technology. They are so used to being constantly stimulated and needing to multitask every moment, that school is no longer stimulating enough. Since their attention spans are so limited, their auditory processing is also limited. Because of the heavy use of abbreviations used while texting, students grades are being negatively impacted because they are using the slang and abbreviations in assignments and formal papers. Most of the problems children are having today can be prevented by parents and school systems. As research is continuing to be done, schools are trying to adapt. Even though some schools have banned cell phones, that does not mean the students keep them at home. They resort to secretly texting during class, which means they are not focusing on their lessons. They are able to multitask but their attention spans are shortened. Works Cited: Carter, O. K. Students are Facing New Addiction: Cellphones. McClatchy Tribune Business News (2006): 1. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 13 Feb. 2011. Cole, Michael, Sheila R. Cole, and Cynthia Lightfoot. The Development of Children. New York: Worth, 2001. 13-15. Print Collis, Betty. Children and Computers in School. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1996. Print. Johnson, Teddi Dineley. Excessive texting, social networking linked to health risks for teenagers. Nations Health 40. 10 (2011): 11. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. Lloyd, Peter, and Charles Fernyhough. Lev Vygotsky: Critical Assessments. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 1999. Print Plester, Beverly, Clare Wood, and Victoria Bell. Txt msg n school literacy: does texting and knowledge of text abbreviations adversely affect childrens literacy attainment?. Literacy 42. 3 (2008): 137-144. 139 Charts Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. Tomei, Lawrence A. Challenges of Teaching with Technology across the Curriculum: Issues and Solutions. Hershey, Pa: Information Science, 2003. Print.